ENGLISH OF LEATHER MAKING 



FOR ADULT ENGLISH CLASS 



KLES 







■■'■■■■'■■■■■•■ 










ST FOREWORD 

This series of lessons in "The English of Leather Making" has a 
two-fold purpose : 

1. To meet the need for special lessons showing the processes in 
making leather and giving enough technical vocabulary so that the 
pupils may understand work instructions and safety precautions. 

2. To teach each worker enough about every step in the process of 
manufacture, from raw materials to finished article, so that he will have 
a thorough understanding of the relation of his job to the work of the 
plant as a whole. 

These lessons cover hide and sheep-skin tanning. They were com- 
piled by George F. Quimby, Industrial Service Secretary of the Associated 
Industries of Massachusetts and Charles H. Paull, of the Bureau of 
Vocational Guidance at Harvard University, with the constant aid and 
generous co-operation of executives, foremen and other employees of the 
A. C. Lawrence Leather Company of Peabody, Massachusetts. 

That Company unhesitatingly opened its plant for the work and 
furnished not only every possible assistance but also provided the 
photographs from which the cuts for the lessons were made. 

Each lesson has been carefully reviewed by those familiar with 
tanning and by the teachers who have charge of instruction in English 
classes of adult aliens at the A. C. Lawrence plant. 

We hope these lessons will be found practical, both as to technical 
material and as to requirements for English Classes. 

Undoubtedly the need for improvements will develop as the lessons 
are used. We earnestly solicit suggestions for improvements which can 
be made in future issues. 

Industrial Service Department 

Associated Industries of Massachusetts 
1034 Kimball Building 
Boston, Massachusetts 
November, 1919. 









C1&562330 



TANNERY 



ENGLISH LESSONS IN LEATHER MAKING 



RAWSTOCK 



LESSON 1 




UNLOADING HIDES FROM A FREIGHT CAR 



OPENING BUNDLES AND TRIMMING 



1. work 



2. 


make 


3. 


make 


4. 


come 


5. 


come 


6. 


get 


7. 


get 


8. 


call — 




come 


9. 


is — will 




will not spoil 


10. 


come 


11. 


unload 


12. 


open 


13. 


cut off 




will make 


14. 


are 


15. 


call 


16. 


do know 




lived 



UNLOADING AND OPENING 

I work in a tannery. 

A tannery is a factory where we make 

leather. 
We make leather from hides and skins. 
Hides come from cows and steers. 
Skins come from sheep, goats and pigs. 
Tanneries get hides and skins from the 

United States. 
Tanneries get hides and skins from many 

other countries. 
We call hides and skins raw stock when 

they come to the tannery. 
Raw stock is greensalted, dried or pickled. 

It will not spoil. 

The hides come to the tannery. 
I unload them from the freight car. 
My partners open the bundles of raw stock. 
They cut off the parts that will not 

make leather. 
Some of these parts are the ears and tail. 
I call this trimming. 
Do you know what hides and skins come 

from the country where you lived? 

Copyright, 1919, by Associated Industries of Massachusetts 



HIDE 
TANNING 



ENGLISH LESSONS IN LEATHER MAKING 



BEAMHOUSE 



LESSON 2 




PINWHEEL 

SOAKING AND WASHING 

1. unload I unload hides from the freight car. 

2. have They have salt and dirt on them. 

3. must clean off I must clean off the dirt and salt. 

4. put — to soak I put the hides into vats of water to soak them. 

5. are The vats are below the floor. 

6. takes out The water takes out most of the salt and dirt. 

7. pull Then my partner and I pull the liides from 

the vat with tong's. 



8. put — to 

wash 

9. push 

10. turns 

11. are clean 

pull back 

12. must lock 

13. stops 

14. put — take 

out 

15. do not lock — 

may start 
10. may be killed 



My partner and I put the liides into the pin- 
wheel to wash them. 

I push the shipper. 

The pinwheel turns. 

When the hides are clean, I pull back the 
shipper. 

I must lock the shipper. 

The pinwheel stops. 

I put my head and shoulders into the pinwheel. 
I take out the hides. 

If I do not lock the shipper, the pinwheel may 
start. 

I may be killed. 



Copyright, 1919, by Associated Industries of Massachusetts 



HIDE 
TANNING 



ENGLISH LESSONS IN LEATHER MAKING 



BEAMHOUSE 



LESSON 3 




FLESHING MACHINE 



PADDLE WHEELS 



1. must take 

2. soak — -soften 

3. truck 

4. cut off 

5. truck 

6. look 

7. loosens 

8. truck 

9. take off 

10. put 

11. turns around 

12. loosens 

13. must wear 

14. must wash 

15. leave — burn 

16. must g'o — 

17. makes 

18. am not careful 



FLESHING AND LIMING 

We must take the pieces of flesh from the 

rawstock. 
When we soak the rawstock, we soften the flesh. 
We truck the hides from the pinwheel to the 

fleshing* machine. 
We cut off the flesh in a fleshing' machine. 
Now we truck part of the hides to the lime 

pits. 
Lime pits look like soaking* vats. 
The lime liquor in the lime pit loosens the hair. 
We also truck part of the hides to the paddle 

wheels. 
Why do we take off the flesh from the hides? 
I put the hides in the vat of the paddle wheel. 
The paddle turns around in the lime liquor. 
The lime liquor in the paddle wheel loosens 

the hair. 
I must wear clean rubber gloves. 
I must wasli my hands and gloves often. 
If I leave lime on my hands, it will burn them. 
I must go to our doctor at once if the lime burns me. 
Handling wet hides makes the floor wet and 

slippery. 
If I am not careful, I may slip and fall. 

Copyright, 1919, by Associated Industries of Massachusetts 



HIDE 
TANNING 



ENGLISH LESSONS IN LEATHER MAKING 



BEAMHOUSE 




UNHAIKIXU MACHINE 



SORTING HIDES 



1. pull 

2. truck 

3. must use 

4. pulls out 

5. pulls out 

6. look to see 

is left 

7. must scrape 

8. make 

9. make 

10. look 

11. put 

12. call 



13. to go 



14. trim 

15. is 

1G. be careful 



UNHAIRING, SORTING AND TRIMMING 

We pull the hides from the lime. 

We truck the hides to the uuhairiug machines. 

We must use two unhairing machines. 

One pulls out the coarse hair. 

The other pulls out the fine hair. 

We look carefully to see if any hair is left on 

the hide. 
If any hair is left, we must scrape it off with a 

knife. 
We make different kinds of leather from hides. 
Hides which do not have grub holes, brands or 

scratches, make the best leather. 
I look at the hides carefully for grub holes, 

brands and scratches. 
I put each kind of leather into a different pile. 
I call this sorting. 

Some parts of the hide are too thick to go 

through the splitting machine. 
I trim them off while I sort the hides. 
The floor in the beamhouse is wet and slippery. 
I must be careful not to slip and fall. 



Copyright, 1019, by Associated Industries of Massachusetts 



HIDE 
TANNING 



ENGLISH LESSONS IN LEATHER MAKING 



LESSON 6 




TANNERY 




DANGER! THE SHIPPER IS NOT LOCKED 



A CAREFUL WORKMAN 



1. truck 

2. to make- 

last 

3. was 

4. soaked 

5. takes 

6. call 

7. put 

8. put 

9. tan 

10. takes 

11. put 

12. has 

13. close 

14. turns 

15. throws 

16. is 

17. is 



TANNING 

We truck the hides from the beamhouse to the 

tannery. 
-We tan the hides to make the leather last a 

long time. 
Twenty-five years ago all hides were tanned 

with bark from trees. 
They soaked the hides in water with bark from 

oak and hemlock trees (in it). 
Bark tanning takes about three weeks. 
Sometimes we call bark tanning extract tanning. 
We put the hides into vats for bark tanning. 
We put splits into tanning wheels for bark tanning. 
We now tan many hides by chrome tanning. 
Chrome tanning takes only about three days. 
I put the hides into the tanning wheel. 
The tanning wheel has chrome liquor in it. 
I close the door and pull the shipper. 
The tanning wheel turns. 
It throws the liquor over the hides. 
Is there a lock for the shipper? 
What is the lock for? 



Copyright, 1919, by Associated Industries of Massachusetts 



HIDE 
TANNING 



ENGLISH LESSONS IN LEATHER MAKING 



CHROME 
TANNING 



LESSON 7 




SHAVING 

1. take 

2. put 

3. shaves off 

4. haul 

5. put 

6. makes 

7. is 

8. take 

9. haul 

10. is colored 

11. is 

12. take 

13. is locked — 

may turn 

14. may he 



caught 



1 5. slip 



MACHINE TRUCKING HIDES 

SHAVING AND COLORING 

We take chrome hides from the tanning' wheel. 
We put them in the shaving machine. 
The shaving machine shaves off the rough 
parts of the hide. 

The truckers haul the hides to the color 

department. 
I put the hides into fat-liquor. 
The fat-liquor makes the leather soft. 
The fat-liquor is in a wheel like a tanning 

wheel. 
I take the leather from the fat-liquor wheel. 

I haul the leather to the color wheel. 
Leather is colored black, brown and many 

other colors. 
The color wheel is like the fat-liquor wheel. 
When I take the leather from the wheel, I 

must be careful. 
If the shipper is not locked, the wheel may 

turn. 
I may be caught and killed. 

I must be careful not to slip in the color 
department. 

Copyright, 1919, by Associated Industries of Massachusetts 



HIDE 
TANNING 



ENGLISH LESSONS IN LEATHER MAKING 



TANNERY 



LESSON 8 





BUFFING WHEEL 



TACKING LEATHER 



1. put 

2. is covered 

3. turns 

4. is hard 

5. takes off 



6. stretch 

7. drive 

8. hold 

9. dry 

10. are pulled 

11. call 

12. have 

13. hurt 



BUFFING AND TACKING 

I put the leather on the buffing- wheel. 
The buffing' wheel is covered with emery. 
The buffing wheel turns very fast. 
The grain of the leather is hard. 
The buffing wheel takes off the hard part 
of the grain. 

The tackers stretch a wet side of leather 

on a tacking board. 
They drive tacking nails around the edges 

of the leather. 
The tacking nails hold the leather on the 

tacking board. 
Tacking stretches the leather so that it 

can dry out smooth. 
When the leather is dry, the tacking nails 

are pulled out. 
We call this stripping. 
Tacking nails have sharp points. 
If we hurt our hands we must go to the 

doctor. 



Copyright. 1919, by Associated Industries of Massachusetts 



HIDE 
TANNING 



ENGLISH LESSONS IN LEATHER MAKING 



CURRY SHOP 



LESSON 9 




JACKING MACHINE 



SPLITTING MACHINE (Back View Showing 
Grain and Split) 



JACKING AND SPLITTING 

take I take bark-tanned leather to the curry shop. 

put I put the leather into a tub of water. 

softens The water softens the leather. 

pull out I pull the leather out. 

throw over I throw it over to the jacking machine. 

makes The jacking machine makes the leather flat 

for the splitting machine, 
do not split We do not split bark-tanned leather in the 

beamhouse. 
skive — We must skive bark-tanned leather before 

split we split it. 

is skived Leather is slaved in a splitting machine, 

skive — When we skive the leather, we shave off 

shave the rough parts, 

split We split the leather in a splitting machine, 

puts into The feeder puts the leather into the 

splitting machine, 
splits The splitting machine splits the leather into 

two pieces of leather, 
is called One piece is called the "grain," the other is 

called the "split." 
is The grain is the hair side of the leather, 

is The split is the flesh side of the leather, 

take We take the "grain" and the "split" from the 

splitting machine. 

Copyright, 1919, by Associated Industries of Massachusetts 



9. 
10. 

11. 
12. 

13. 

14. 

15. 
1G. 
17. 



HIDE 
TANNING 



ENGLISH LESSONS IN LEATHER MAKING 



CURRY SHOP 



LESSON 10 




SPRAYING LEATHER 

RETANNING AND MILLING OR STUFFING 

1. tan We tan bark-tanned leather again in the 

curry shop. 

2. call We call this retanning. 

3. retan We retan leather in a pinwheel. 

4. take We take the leather from the pinwheel. 

5. hang — to dry We hang up the leather on sticks to dry. 

6. take We take down the leather when it is dry. 

7. is The leather is very dry and hard. 

8. must dampen We must dampen it to make it soft. 

9. dip I dip the leather in a tub of water. 

10. hand Then I hand the leather to my partner. 

11. sprays My partner sprays the leather with a hose. 

12. spread We spread the leather out in piles. 

13. pack We pack down these piles with damp 

burlap for two or three days. 

14. put Then we put the leather into pinwheels 

with grease. 

15. call We call this milling or stuffing. 

16. is Grease is good for many kinds of leather. 

17. watch — is Watch your step. The floor is slippery. 



Copyright, 1919, by Associated Industries of Massachusetts 



HIDE 
TANNING 



ENGLISH LESSONS IN LEATHER MAKING 



CURRY SHOP 



LESSON 11 





PUTTING OUT MACHINE HAND SETTING OUT 

MACHINE AND HAND SETTING OUT 



1. truck 

2. put 

3. pull 

4. carries 

5. is 

6. scrape off 

7. truck 

8. lay 

9. put 

10. put out 

to make 

11. hang 

12. is 

13. is called 



We truck the leather to the putting-out 

machine. 
I put the leather on the drum of the 

putting-out machine. 
I pull the shipper. 

The drum carries the leather to the rolls. 
There is too much grease on the leather. 
The rolls scrape off some of the grease. 

Then we truck the leather to the setters. 
The setters lay the leather on tables. 
They put out the leather with slickers. 
The setters put out the leather to make 

it flat and smooth. 
The setters hang up the leather on sticks. 
We put the leather in piles when it is 

dry. 
This is called packing down. 



Copyright, 1919, by Associated Industries of Massachusetts 



HIDE 
TANNING 



ENGLISH LESSONS IN LEATHER MAKING 



CURRY SHOP 



LESSON 12 





WHITENING MACHINE 



BLACKING MACHINE 



1. truck 

2. shaves 

3. call 

4. have 

5. must keep 

6. trim 

7. is 

8. color 

9. stand 

10. push 

11. spreads 

12. must he 

13. may crush 

14. take 



15. hang* 



WHITENING AND BLACKING 

We truck the leather to the whitening 

machine. 
The whitening machine shaves off the rough 

parts of the leather. 
We sometimes call whitening cutting-over. 
The rolls on the whitening machines have 

knives on them. 
I must keep my fingers away from the knives. 
We trim the edges of the leather with a knife. 

The leather is ready for coloring. 

We color it in a blacking machine. 

I stand in front of the machine. 

I push the leather to the rolls of the blacking 

machine. 
The brush in the blacking machine spreads 

the color on the leather. 
1 must be careful. 
The rolls of the blacking machine may crush 

my fingers. 
My partners take the leather from the other 

side of the blacking machine. 
Then they hang the leather on sticks to dry. 



Copyright, 1919, by Associated Industries of Massachusetts 



HIDE 

TANNING 



ENGLISH LESSONS IN LEATHER MAKING 



CURRY SHOP 



LESSON 13 



I 1 ' 


H^^M 


to 


» i 

< », 


;M| - 






EMBOSSING MACHINE 



GRAINING LEATHER 



1. is dry 

2. season 

3. put 

4. makes 

5. take 

6. press 

7. make 

8. print 

( .). must be 
careful 
10. may crush 



FINISHING GUN-METAL OR SPLITS 

The leather is dry. 

We are ready to season the leather. 

We put seasoning- liquor on the leather with 

a brush. 
Seasoning makes the leather look better. 

We take the leather to the embossing machines. 
We press the leather in an embossing machine. 
Plain embossing plates make the leather 

smooth. 
Other embossing plates print designs on the 

leather. 
I must be careful. 

The embossing machine may crush my hands. 



11. board grain We board or grain some leather. 

12. has The grainer has an arm-board on his arm. 

13. rubs He rubs the leather with the arm-board. 

14. makes He makes the leather soft with the arm-board 

15. cuts The trimmer cuts off the rough edges. 

Copyright, 1919, by Associated Industries of Massachusetts 



HIDE 
TANNING 



ENGLISH LESSONS IN LEATHER MAKING 



FINISHED 
LEATHER 



LESSON 14 




SORTING AND BUNDLING 



MEASURING MACHINE 



SORTING, MEASURING, BUNDLING AND SHIPPING 

1. is finished The leather is finished. 

We call it finished leather. 
We must sort the leather. 
The sorter puts the leather on horses. 
He puts the heaviest and best leather 
on one horse. 



2. call 

3. must sort 

4. puts 

5. puts 



6. puts 

7. sell 

8. put 

9. tells 



10. tie 

11. wrap 

12. is ready 

13. put 

14. are made 

15. know — 

are made 



He puts the rest on different horses. 

We sell leather by the square foot. 

I put the leather in the measuring- 
machine. 

The measuring* machine tells me how 
many square feet there are in a piece 
of leather. 

I tie the leather in bundles. 
I wrap the bundles in paper. 
The leather is ready to ship. 
We put it in a freight car. 
Many things are made from leather. 
Do you know some things that are made 
from leather? 



[ Note. This lesson should also be used as Lesson 25. ] 

Copyright, 1919, by Associated Industries of Massachusetts 



SHEEPSKIN 

TANNING 



ENGLISH LESSONS IN LEATHER MAKING 



PICKLE-HOUSE 



LESSON 15 




10. 

11. 

12. 
13. 

14. 
15. 



BUNDLES. CASE AND CASK OF SHEEPSKINS SORTING AND COUNTING SHEEPSKINS 

COUNTING AND SORTING 
Sheepskins come in bundles, cases and casks. 
After we unload the sheepskins we count the 

bundles. 
Then we count the sheepskins in each bundle. 
There must be twelve sheepskins in a bundle. 
There are twelve sheepskins in a dozen. 
If there is not a dozen in a bundle, we tell 

the foreman. 
Sheepskins from the United States come in 

bundles. 
Sheepskins from other countries come in cases 

and casks. 
We keep different kinds of sheep skins in 

separate lots. 
The foreman says, " Keep the lots separate." 



1. 


come 


_. 


unload 




count 


3. 


count 


4. 


must be 


5. 


are 


<;. 


is — tell 



7. come 



8. come 



9. keep 



says 

must stamp I must stamp every sheepskin in a bundle 

take 



sort — to 

make 
makes 
must be 
careful 



Then the truckers take the bundles to the 

sorters. 
The sorters sort the skins to make different 

kinds of leather. 
The fat from the skins makes the floors slippery. 
I must be careful not to fall. 

Copyright, 1919, bj Associated Industries 'if Massachusetts 



SHEEPSKIN 
TANNING 



ENGLISH LESSONS IN LEATHER MAKING 



PRESS ROOM 



LESSON 16 





FLESHING MACHINE 



BUILDING PACKS FOR SHEEPSKIN PRESSES 



1. truck 

2. truck 

3. is 

4. put 

5. are 

6. cut off 

7. must keei) 

8. need 

9. have 

10. build 

11. put 

12. presses 

13. presses 

14. call 



FLESHING AND PRESSING 

We truck the sheepskins from the sorters 

to the fleshing machines. 
Sometimes we truck them to the presses 

first. 
There is flesh on the raw stock. 
I put the skin into the fleshing machine. 
There are sharp knives on the cylinder 

of the fleshing machine. 
The knives cut off the flesh. 
I must keep my hands from between the 

rolls. 
I need both my arms. 

The skins have grease in them. 

I build them into a pack for the press. 

I put the pack into the press. 

The press presses out the grease. 

The press presses each pack into a solid 

bundle. 
We call the bundles "cakes." 



15. must not slip I must not slip on the greasy floor. 



Copyright, I'.M'.I, l.y Associated Industries of Massachusetts 



SHEEPSKIN 

TANNING 



ENGLISH LESSONS IN LEATHER MAKING 



TANNING 



LESSON 17 



1 1 

■ 

. 4 


"J 


nB' 


'jajSt 




TRUCKING SHEEPSKINS 



DANGER! THE SHIPPER IS NOT LOCKED! 



1. truck 

2. put 

3. put 

4. pull 

5. turns 

6. breaks 

7. softens 

washes 

8. are clean 

9. pull 

10. must lock 

11. stops 

12. put 

13. take out 

14. pile 

15. did not lock 
1G. was killed 



MILLING 

We truck the cakes from the presses to 
the tan cellar. 

I put the cakes of skins into a pirrwheel. 

I put salt water into the pinwheel. 

I pull the shipper. 

The pinwheel turns. 

The pinwheel breaks up the cakes. 

The pinwheel softens and washes the 
skins. 

The skins are clean and soft. 

I pull back the shipper. 

I must lock the shipper. 

The pinwheel stops. 

I put my head and shoulders into the pin- 
wheel. 

I take out the skins. 

I pile them on a truck. 

Joe did not lock the shipper. 

He was killed. 



Copyright, 1019, by Associated Industries of Massachusetts 



SHEEPSKIN 
TANNING 



ENGLISH LESSONS IN LEATHER MAKING 



TANNING 



LESSON 18 





TANNING LIQUOR IS BOILING HOT 



1. truck 

2. is 

3. says 

4. says 

5. mix 

6. boil 

7. says 

8. has 

9. am careful 

10. put 

11. pour 

12. pull 

13. turns 
11. tans 

15. take out 

1(5. must be 
careful 



PUTTING LIQUOR INTO TANNING WHEEL 

TANNING 

I truck the skins to a tanning' wheel. 
A tanning wheel is a pinwheel. 
The foreman says, "Weigh the skins." 
Sometimes the foreman says, "Count the 

skins." 
I mix the tanning liquor. 
I boil some of the liquor. 
The foreman say s, " Do not burn yourself." 
Some tanning liquor has acid in it. 
I am careful not to spill acid on myself. 

I put the skins into the tanning wheel. 
I pour tanning liquor into the tanning 

wheel. 
I pull the skipper. 
The wheel turns. 

The tanning liquor tans the skins. 
I take out the skins. 
Why must I be careful when I take out 

the skins? 



Copyright, 1019, by Associated Industries of Massachusetts 



SHEEPSKIN 
TANNING 



ENGLISH LESSONS IN LEATHER MAKING 



TANNING 
CELLAR 



LESSON 19 





MACHINE PUTTING OUT 



HAND PUTTING OUT 



1. makes 

2. must make 

3. call 

4. take 

5. put 

6. put 

7. rolls 

8. am careful 

!). will crush 

10. take 

11. lay 

12. put 

13. smooth 

14. is 



15. hang 



16. 
17. 



are 

scratch 



PUTTING OUT AND DRYING 
Tanning skins makes them wet and wrinkled. 
We must make the skins smooth. 
We call this putting out. 

We take some skins to the putting-out machine. 
I put a skin between the rolls. 
I put my foot on the treadle. 
The putting-out machine rolls out the wrinkles. 
1 am careful not to get my hands between the 

rolls. 
The rolls will crush my hands and arms. 

We take some skins to the hand putters out. 
The hand putters out lay the leather on glass 

tables. 
They put out the leather with slickers. 
The slickers smooth out the wrinkles. 
The leather is smooth. 



AVe hang the leather on hooks to dry. 
The hooks are very sharp. 
If 1 scratch my finger 1 must tell 
foreman. 



111V 



Copyright, 1919, by Associated Industries of Massachusetts 



SHEEPSKIN 

TANNING 



ENGLISH LESSONS IN LEATHER MAKING 



COLOR 
CELLAR 



LESSON 20 




PADDLE WHEELS 

COLORING 

1. color We color most sheepskins. 

2. must sort We must sort the skins before we color them. 

3. puts The sorter puts the skins in different piles. 

4. must not mix I must not mix the piles. 

5. tie I tie the skins in bundles. 



6. take 

7. put 

8. is 

9. turns 

10. washes 

11. truck 

12. puts 

13. pulls 

14. turns 

15. feeds 

16. goes 

17. stops 

18. does 



We take the skins to the color cellar. 

We put the skins into the vat of the paddle 

wheel. 
There is water in the vat of the paddle wheel. 
The paddle turns around. 
The water washes the skins. 

We truck the skins to the pinwheel. 

The wheelman puts the skins into a pinwheel. 

He pulls the shipper. 

The piiiwheel turns. 

The foreman feeds the color into the wheel. 

The color goes into the skins. 

The wheelman stops the pinwheel. 

What does ;i careful wheelman do? 



Copyright, 1010. by Associated Industries "f Massachusetts 



SHEEPSKIN 
TANNING 



ENGLISH LESSONS IN LEATHER MAKING 



COLOR CELLAR 
AND TACKING 
LOFT 



LESSON 21 




J2J1E 



TACKING SHEEPSKINS 



FAX USED IN DRYING ROOM 



1. makes 

2. must make 

3. call 

4. is 

5. must keep 

6. tack 

7. dry 

8. take 

1). hurt 

10. should go 

11. may get 

12. use 



PUTTING OUT AND TACKING 

Coloring skins makes them wet and 

wrinkled. 
We must make the skins smooth. 
We call this putting out. 

What is putting OUt? (See Lesson 19.) 

We must keep the skins smooth. 
The tackers tack the skins on hoards. 
The skins dry on the tacking boards. 
The strippers take the skins from the 

boards. 
Sometimes tackers hurt their hands. 
They should go to the doctor. 
They may get blood-poisoning from the 

skins. 
Some tanneries use fans in drying skins. 



13. must not put I must not put my hands into the fan. 



Copyright, 1910. by Associated Industries of Massachusetts 



SHEEPSKIN 
TANNING 



ENGLISH LESSONS IN LEATHER MAKING 



1. finish 

2. buff 

3. does take 



4. is rough 

5. takes 



FINISHING 
DEPARTMENT 



LESSON 22 




BUFFING WHEEL 

BUFFING 

We finish sheepskin leather in many 

different ways. 
We buff the skins on a buffing- machine. 
The fleshing* machine does not take off 

all the flesh. 
The buffing wheel is rough. 
It takes off the rough pieces of flesh. 



6. must be damp The skins must be damp. 

7. put We put the skins into damp sawdust. 



Copyridit, 1010, by Associated Industries of Massachusetts 



SHEEPSKIN 
TANNING 



ENGLISH LESSONS IN LEATHER MAKING 



FINISHING 
DEPARTMENT 



LESSON 23 




BAKER STAKING MACHINE 



SLOCUM STAKING MACHINE 




KNEE STAKING 



STAKING 

1. must stake We must stake all the skins. 

2. put I put the leather between the jaws of the 

staking machine. 

3. makes The staking machine makes the leather soft. 

4. must keep I must keep my fingers away from the 

jaws of the staking machine. 

5. are* staked Some skins are staked by knee staking. 



6. pull 

7. pulls 



The knee staker pulls the skins over a knee 

stake. 
He pulls the skins with his hand and knee 



Copyright, 1919, by Associated Industries "f Massachusetts 



SHEEPSKIN 
TANNING 



ENGLISH LESSONS IN LEATHER MAKING 



FINISHING 
DEPARTMENT 



LESSON 24 




SEASONING AND HANGING 



ROLLING JACK 



SEASONING, ROLLING AND GLAZING 

1. season — to We season skins to make them look better. 

make — look 

2. season We season most skins by hand. 

3. dip I dip the swab into the seasoning. 

4. rub I rub the seasoning over the skin. 

5. hang I hang the skin on a hook. 

6. season I season some skins two or three times. 



7. roll I roll the skins on a rolling-jack. 

8. put I put the skin under the arm of the rolling- jack. 

9. rolls The rolling-jack rolls the skin smooth. 
10. must nol let I must not let the roll catch my finger. 

catch 



11. put 

12. makes — 

shine 

13. looks 



I put the skin under the arm of the glazing-jack. 
The glazing-jack makes the leather shine. 

The glazing-jack looks like a rolling-jack. 



Copyright, 1919, by Associated Industries of Massachusetts 



